When the First Amendment prohibited Congressional interference with free speech and the 14th Amendment extended that prohibition to the states, the question was bound to arise as to precisely what the Founders meant by "speech." Over the years, courts have made clear that "speech" includes writings. Some forms of expressive conduct have been worthy of constitutional protection. On balance, that has to be right. As my colleague and friend Eugene Volokh has written:
My view is that burning a flag, like waving a flag, is a conventionally understood form of communication, and both should thus be treated as "speech" no less than, say, handwritten materials (which are literally neither "speech" nor "press"), elephant or donkey pins worn around campaign season, paintings that have no words, and the like.
Two recent news items got me thinking about this issue. First:
[New York] city's 80-year-old cabaret law banning dancing by patrons in ordinary bars and restaurants is legal, the state Supreme Court's Appellate Division ruled Thursday. The Gotham West Coast Swing Club and several people had sued, saying the law violated their constitutional right to free expression. But the appeals court backed the law, which was enacted in the Prohibition era to crack down on speakeasies. "Recreational dancing is not a form of expression protected by the federal or state constitutions," the court wrote.
But, according to the plurality of the SCOTUS in Barnes v. Glen Theatre, Inc., “nude dancing of the kind sought to be performed here is expressive conduct within the outer perimeters of the First Amendment, though we view it as only marginally so.” What's the difference? Would the Gotham West Coast Swing Club have won if they claimed they were "swingers" who danced nude as an expression of their sexuality?
Hot Doug’s is in hot water with the city. The Northwest Side hot dog joint, known as much for its thuringer as it is for specials like gyros sausage with creme fraiche tzatziki, is the first restaurant in Chicago slapped with a $250 ticket for offering — in sausage form — the outlawed delicacy, foie gras. ... Even after the ordinance took effect in August, Sohn continued serving it occasionally, and about 6 a.m. Friday, he posted the day’s specials on his restaurant’s Web site, including “Foie Gras and Sauternes Duck Sausage with Truffle Sauce Moutarde and Armagnac-Truffle Chicken Mousse” for $6.50.
A representative of the Health Department showed up at the restaurant, 3324 N. California, before he even opened his doors at 10:30 a.m., Sohn said.
Here we have conduct that is clearly expressive. Indeed, it is an explicitly political message being sent; namely, that the foie gras ordinance is dumb. I thought political speech was supposed to be at the core of the First Amendment. To be sure, there's the problem that you could turn any regulatory violation into a First Amendment issue by claiming you broke the rule as a protest, but still ....
So the First Amendment protects flag burning and stripping but not swing dancing or selling foie gras? Am I the only one who finds that a little odd?
Now all you need is an activist judge to make it all happen. You might even possibly be able to find one that swings right.
"I thought political speech was supposed to be at the core of the First Amendment.”
Yes, and since the BCRA decision, the First Amendment is a donut, with this big empty space at it’s core. You didn’t notice?
I think he’d have a better 1st amendment case if he’d been more pointed with the name of the dish, sort of like the food supliments company that protested FDA regulation of health claims with a product they sold as “First Amendment Asprin”. As it is, how are you supposed to tell this “protest” from an utterly unideological “violation”?
So the First Amendment protects flag burning and stripping but not swing dancing or selling foie gras? Am I the only one who finds that a little odd?
So, by the same lights, do you support selling pot to protest the drug war? How about meth?
To be clear, I don’t think dancing or random foods should be illegal. I’m wondering how you might differentiate certain drugs.
PB REPLIES: I wouldn’t try to make that distinction. As a matter of public policy, I think the sale and use of recreational drugs should be decriminalized.
Here’s a thought. Maybe the Constitution doesn’t really protect flag burning, stripping, swing dancing or selling foie gras and while the Court has been willing to invent rights to the former two acts, the latter two are just too silly for even judges.
I thought the distinction was pretty straightforward. The legislature can adopt reasonable restrictions on expressive activities; but cannot make invidious distinctions between similar activities based on their expressive content.
So ordinances against selling books in a public park, dancing in a restaurant, etc. are acceptable. But not ordinances that are directed only against selling erotic books, against nude dancing, etc.
What am I missing?
Are you saying that if I want to express my view that speed limits are too low, by speeding, the Constitution will protect me from traffic court?
"I wouldn’t try to make that distinction. As a matter of public policy, I think the sale and use of recreational drugs should be decriminalized.”
We agree on policy. I still wonder why you would distinguish a weed from a goose, if you’re making a constitutional argument about expression via marketing (which you’re doing: not arguing one but arguing the other is a distinction).
PB REPLIES: I don’t think the Constitution requires decriminalization. Indeed, the Supreme Court has made that clear reatedly, most recently in the medical marijuana case. What strikes me as odd is that stripping gets first amendment protection and smoking a joint doesn’t.
I share puzzlement that stripping gets 1st Amendment protection. As much as I disagree with the intended expression, flag burning seems clearly expressive to me. The expressive aspects of stripping, on the other hand ("Am I a babe, or what?” or “Wouldn’t you like to . . .?"), seem a trivial aspect of the activity.
When I drive to the grocery store, I may in some trivial sense be expressing something ("Hey, guys, I go to HEB, because its closer to my house and has a wider selection than Sun Harvest."), but the expression itself surely is not legally significant. Whether I could be barred from going to the grocery store is another matter, but I don’t see it as a free speech issue.
The point of stripping is ogling. The point of going to the grocery store is to buy groceries. Neither one, unlike flag burning, is particularly expressive. That the Supremes disagree as to stripping is, to my mind, regrettable, but not a reason to compound the error.
Being clear takes talent, oddly. And thank you for being clear. No, criminalization doesn’t implicate several issues that might interest SCOTUS. But if your defense of goose goo should survive a 1st claim, so should dope. Or alternately, wine should be outlawed, too, because some abuse it.
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I still take a strong view (?) that I can eat what I want. I just don’t see the conlaw claim.
I think a closer comparison would be to this ruling from Florida that a woman has the right to protest topless against an ordinance banning toplessness. The ramifications could be pretty weird, though. If people gather to smoke marijuana in order to protest the ban on marijuana, would that be protected?