Massive Misinformation on the Web: The President Can Fire the SEC Chairman

ABC News David Wright got the most erroneous meme of the day started when, in reporting John McCain’s criticism of SEC Chairman Chris Cox, Wright claimed that “while the president nominates and the Senate confirms the SEC chair, a commissioner of an independent regulatory commission cannot be removed by the president.” I’ve explained why this is wrong in an earlier post, but Wright’s claim is being widely --- and uncritically repeated—all over the web.

The following blogs have some version of Wright’s claim: Firedoglake, where we’re told asked “Since when do Republicans care what the Constitution says?”

Ben Smith’s Blog.

Comments from Left Field.

Trailblazers

The Swamp

Think Progress

Greg Sargent

Steve Benen

MYDD

Every single one got it wrong.

In light of the massive misinformation around the web on this point, I’ll repeat here what I said earlier:

“The creation, composition, and powers of the SEC are found in the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The commission consists of five members who are appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate. The terms of the commissioners are staggered and the basic length of each term is five years. No more than three of the commissioners may be members of the same political party. The statute does not provide for a chairman. Until 1950, the Chairman was elected annually. Following Reorganization Plan No. 10 of 1950 (see, Reorganization Act of 1949, 5 U.S.C. §§ 901-913), the President designates the chairman. Pursuant to this Reorganization Plan, the chairman succeeded to most of the executive and administrative functions of the commission.” S.E.C. v. Blinder, Robinson & Co., Inc., 855 F.2d 677, 681 (10th Cir. 1988).

The President’s powers with respect to appointment and removal of commissioners from the commission thus differ from the President’s power with respect to the appointment and removal of one of those commissioners from the office of Chairman. As to the former, “The Act does not expressly give to the President the power to remove a commissioner. However, for the purposes of this case, we accept appellants’ assertions in their brief, that it is commonly understood that the President may remove a commissioner only for ‘inefficiency, neglect of duty or malfeasance in office.’” Id. Whether the President could remove Cox from the Commision on one of these grounds is debatable, at best, but at least theoretically it’s possible.

    Update: To like effect, see MFS Securities Corp. v. S.E.C., 380 F.3d 611, 619 (2d Cir 2004, in which the court stated that “the power to remove Commissioners belongs to the President,” albeit while noting that that “power is is ‘commonly understood’ to be limited to removal for ‘inefficiency, neglect of duty or malfeasance in office.’” See also S.E.C. v. Bilzerian, 750 F.Supp. 14, 16 (D.D.C. 1990), in which the court stated that: “While the Act does not expressly give the President the power to remove a commissioner, it is generally accepted that the President may remove a commissioner for inefficiency, neglect of duty, or malfeasance in office.” So ABC’s Wright’s and Tapper’s citation of a 1935 SCOTUS case dealing with a different agency (namely, the FTC) is irrelvant. The understanding with respect to the SEC is that the President, at the very least, can remove a Commissioner for cause.

What is not debatable, however, is that “The Chairman of the SEC serves as such solely at the pleasure of the President.” Harvey L. Pitt & Karen L. Shapiro, Securities Regulation by Enforcement: A Look Ahead at the Next Decade, 7 Yale J. on Reg. 149, 280 n.557 (1990). Indeed, the Tenth Circuit so held in the Blinder, Robinson case cited above. See 855 F.2d at 681, stating that “as the President has the power to choose the chairman of the SEC from its commissioners to serve an indefinite term, it follows that the chairman serves at the pleasure of the President.”

Hence, when McCain said “The Chairman of the SEC serves at the appointment of the President,” he was right at the very least insofar as Cox’s position as Chairman (as opposed to his position as a commissioner) is concerned. 

Posted on Thursday, September 18 2008 | Permalink

The important thing here is that John McCain didn’t know that.  Don’t be disingenuous.

Posted by  on  09/18  at  08:09 PM

(1) Not being clairvoyant, as I guess Eric is, I took McCain from the start at face value to mean that Cox should be fired as SEC chair, which the president can do. (2) The Blinder case, which has been widely cited and followed, assumed that the President can fire a SEC Commissioner under certain circumstances, including “inefficiency.” So even if McCain meant what Eric thinks he meant, McCain would still have been correct. (3) And why isn’t important that Wright and the blogosphere got it wrong?

Posted by Steve Bainbridge  on  09/18  at  08:21 PM

Steve, I think you’re talking out your clairvoyant hat by claiming to be what you then claim not to be.

Unless you’ve interviewed Schmuck Talk yourself, you don’t know what he meant either.

And, giving the ever-increasing “winging it” factor (see “Spain, enemies of the U.S., Sept. 17), the assumption most blogs have made is much more likely correct.

Posted by SocraticGadfly  on  09/18  at  08:49 PM

Almost everyone subscribes to the notion that an SEC commissioner can only be fired for Cause, a threshold that I doubt anyone would argue includes inefficiency.  You say that Blinder is “widely followed,” but I don’t think an SEC commissioner has ever been removed for inefficiency, or any other standard below Cause (if at all). 

It is almost more noteworthy if McCain meant what he said in the way you describe, since it would identify him as another adherent of the unitary executive theory that everyone has grown so tired of.

Posted by  on  09/18  at  08:51 PM

I really don’t understand why people are being difficult about this. McCain said he would fire Cox. Wright said he couldn’t and countless folks have uncritically parroted the line. As I understand the law, McCain was right.

BTW, for those who still think the law is other than as I’ve described it, check out the MFS Securities Corp. and Bilzerian cases I cired in the update.

Posted by Steve Bainbridge  on  09/18  at  09:12 PM

I believe Eric is seeing what he wants to see.

Posted by  on  09/18  at  09:35 PM

FIRE COX!  Folk’s this is serious!  (Right? or is this just another red herring like little TN hacker-boy stuff?)

I’m REALLY tired of this dem jibber-jabber...especially Michelle O trash talk.

Wake me up 03Nov09 and tell me how it went.

Posted by  on  09/18  at  09:38 PM

I guess you’ll never understand, Prof Bainbridge.  Just as the Obamassiah can never be wrong, McCain can never be right.  Especially not when the MSM disagrees with him.

Posted by  on  09/18  at  09:39 PM

Allow me to clarify.  My initial point is simply this: based on my own subjective view of the world, I highly doubt (i) that McCain was aware of the Blinder dicta or (ii) based on his comments today, that McCain was aware that, at least at some point, the general consensus was that a commissioner could only be removed for cause.  I argued the point that the conventional wisdom is that a commissioner can not be “fired” for less than cause to buttress this argumment (i.e., he could not have known he was right, if he was, because it is an opinion shared by a very few.) That being said, while I took Administrative Law several years ago at this point, it was after Blinder. 

The better question is why it even matters.  One answer is that after being in the Senate for this long he should know this type of thing.  Another, perhaps more important, potential conclusion is that McCain has not devoted adequate thought to a large financial crisis if a component of his solution is something that he is incapable of doing proceduraly.  Finally, it is a matter of temperament. 

With respect to the legal point: I think we can at least agree that at the end of the day, the law will be whatever the supreme court determines, if the issue ever presents itself (and I think this is an issue that the supreme court would hear). After having a Republican President nominating federal judges for 20 out of the last 28 years, I suspect judicial interpretation is trending towards the reading you’ve put forth.

Posted by  on  09/18  at  11:53 PM

So.. which is worse?  McCain being somewhat.. unclear.. about whether he could fire the SEC chief as President, or Senator Obama not realizing the Russia has a veto in the UN Security Council?

Posted by  on  09/19  at  12:47 AM

In other words, in typical democratic mumbo-jumbo BS, Eric just agreed with you Steve.

Posted by  on  09/19  at  12:49 AM

Rick, before you keep repeating the imbecilic talking point, you should know that McCain also called for a UN Security Council vote on Georgia.

Per Reuter’s on August 8, McCain said, “The U.S should immediately convene an emergency session of the U.N. security council to call on Russia to reverse course.”

Posted by  on  09/19  at  08:07 AM

So John McCain should have said that as President, he would demote Chairman Cox from the position - an action that he legally can take without showing cause.

It appears from your own research that a President McCain would have to show some sort of “cause” to remove the chairman.

BTW, personally, I think that Cox should be demoted.

Posted by  on  09/19  at  08:41 AM

"I took McCain from the start at face value to mean that Cox should be fired as SEC chair, which the president can do.”

But I think the (desired) rhetorical effect on the audience was that McCain would fire Cox from the commission. There was no nuance about removing him as Chair and allowing him to stay on the commission. So, while you might be right on the law, you’re wrong on the rhetoric. What McCain said to that audience was “I’d send Cox packing from the government.”

Posted by  on  09/19  at  09:28 AM

I agree with McCain that Cox needs to be replaced.  Mayor Wanda S. Parsnips of Buxtahatchee, Alabama, (pop. 7,387), is available too!  She’s a down-to-earth Walmart Mom with six kids and a solid husband who just won the local bass finshing tournament.  Mayor Parsnips is a champion frog-hunter and she looks good in a bikini, (she was on the cover of a Whitesnake album!).  She’s also a real reformer too.  She caught Jimmy Hasgood, the assistant manager at the Dennys, using canned peaches at the breakfast bar instead of fresh cut local produce. 

You want to clean up Wall Street?  Get Wanda, she’s your lady!

Posted by wcz  on  09/19  at  10:39 AM

Clairvoyance has nothing to do with this. A large number of people, with, apparently the exception of Bainbridge, some of the folks over at the The Volokh Conspiracy and anyone with a right/libertarian leaning, believe that when McCain said he would “fire” Cox he really meant that he would “remove” or “demote” him from the Chairmanship position but not “fire” him from the Commission.  If McCain’s use of the word “fire” is truly ambiguous then his campaign should issue a statement to the effect that McCain really meant that he would simply demote/remove Cox from the Chairman’s position.  But the campaign has done no such thing.  And so, your passionate defense and ridicule of the MSM coverage is for naught.  In short, you effectively agree (based on the citations provided) that the President cannot willy-nilly fire SEC commissioners without cause.  The Blogosphere (and Wright) is only wrong if your interpretation of McCain’s statement is correct - a (highly) debatable proposition – and one that the McCain campaign itself has not embraced.

Indeed, there is nothing technically inaccurate about Wright’s statement: “But while the president nominates and the Senate confirms the SEC chair, a commissioner of an independent regulatory commission cannot be removed by the president.” The president cannot remove a commissioner from an independent regulatory commission like the SEC.  Your criticism is premised on the assumption that Wright knew that McCain only meant “demoting” Cox, rather than “removing” him entirely from the Commission.

Posted by  on  09/19  at  12:39 PM

So, if I’m following your logic here properly, you’re suggesting that since the President has the ability to appoint the Chairman of the SEC, that means that the Chairman serves at the pleasure of the President.

By that same logic, since the President also appoints Supreme Court Justices, does that mean that the Supreme Court also serves at the pleasure of the President?

And since your logic also seems to suggest that, since the President has the explicit right to appoint commissioners to the SEC that he must have an implicit (but never specified nor granted) right to remove commissioners, do you also believe that the President has the ability to remove Supreme Court Justices?

Because I don’t think your logic actually follows, though I’m totally willing to believe that it’s due to poor explanation rather than poor logic.

Posted by  on  09/20  at  12:36 AM

http://kudlow.nationalreview.com/post/?q=NmJjOWJiMmE5MTM5NGFjMTg3NjE0MTAzNzBiZjQ0M2M=

Kudlow is pretty critical of Cox.  I suppose the real question is not if he can be fired, but if he should be fired.

Posted by  on  09/20  at  01:00 AM

>>>Indeed, there is nothing technically inaccurate about Wright’s statement: “But while the president nominates and the Senate confirms the SEC chair, a commissioner of an independent regulatory commission cannot be removed by the president.”<<<

Except for, “and the Senate confirms the SEC chair”. That’s more than “technically” wrong. The President nominates and the Senate confirms the commissioners. The President appoints one of the commissioners to be the chairman, without Senate confirmation.

Posted by  on  09/20  at  08:34 AM

Now, the criticism of McCain may be justified. He’s no dummy, but he does often pop off without checking the facts, and he does know the difference between “fire” and “demote”. (Even though all his management experience is in an organization, the Navy, where demotion can be worse than firing.)

Posted by  on  09/20  at  08:44 AM

I am amazed how the partisans of Barack Obama have such little regard for “res judicata,” the established law. While we might want to take some time to look at the meaning of “inefficiency,” how can someone serve at the President’s pleasure and not be able to be removed?

If this is the best that Obama’s “ready response team” (which here in Chicago is rumored to have a lot of high-powered law firm types on board) can do, is it any wonder that Barack Obama himself has never produced a scholarly law article despite his law review and teaching experience and has also removed himself voluntarily from the Illinois roster of those who can legally practice law?

And how can McCain be wrong if there is still something to discuss on the power of the President to remove the Chairman?

Posted by Publia Padena  on  09/20  at  10:05 AM

This is a silly debate.  As a practical matter, were the president to “demote” an SEC chairman to just run-of-the-mill commissioner status, that chairman would leave.  He could stick around if he really wanted to be a pain about it, but in practice nobody would.  The important point is that McCain is just being ridiculous.  Going after short-selling is just shooting the messenger.  These investment banks are not going under because of bear raids based on completely fabricated rumors and false information.  People are shorting these stocks because they just don’t believe the balance sheets are accurate.  You could make the argument that Goldman is getting unfairly hammered because of fears over less well-situated firms, but all that means is that if Goldman’s shares drop too far, the firm will just go private.  For the rest, the problems are too real and McCain just demonstrated that he really doesn’t understand the nature of this financial crisis.

Posted by  on  09/22  at  11:08 AM
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